Stewart Optical Education Services

Functional Testing Procedures in Refraction

Course Description:

A hands-on course that concentrates on functional and objective procedures that go beyond the standard of refraction and make the outcome of standard refraction more reliable.

Note: This is part of a 3-course series: Retinoscopy / Refractometry / Functional Testing. However, courses may be taken in any order.

Open to all levels of ophthalmic personnel.

Topics Covered:

• Donders tables and method of accommodation testing.
• Fused crossed cylinder.
• Use of the Maddox rods and Risely prisms, and easy ways to use them.
• Testing of tropias versus phorias.
• Bruckner's test.
• Hirschberg test.
• Use of slab off and alternatives to slab off.
• Four base out test.
• Estimating a refractive error without the use of lenses.

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